JAMDA
Volume 3, Issue 3 , Pages 152-161 , May 2002

Tardive Dyskinesia in Elderly Patients: An Update

  • Richard J. Goldberg, MD, MS

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Richard J. Goldberg, MD, MS, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903

References 

  1. Kane JM, Marder SR. Psychopharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1993;19:287–302
  2. Casey DE. Tardive dyskinesia and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr Res. 1995;35:S61–S66
  3. Maixner SM, Mellow AM, Tandon R. The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of antipsychotics in the elderly. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(suppl):29–41
  4. Jeste DV, Rockwell E, Harris MJ, et al. Conventional vs. newer antipsychotics in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;7:70–76
  5. Klawans HL, Barr A. Prevalence of spontaneous lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesias in the elderly. Neurology. 1982;32:558–559
  6. Waddington JL. Tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia and other disorders: Association with aging, cognitive dysfunction, and structural brain pathology in relation to neuroleptic exposure. Hum Psychopharmacol. 1987;2:11–22
  7. Barnes TR. The present status of tardive dyskinesia and akathisia in the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychiatr Dev. 1987;4:301
  8. Kane JM, Woerner M, Lieberman JA. Tardive dyskinesia: Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors. Psychopharmacology. 1988;2:72–78
  9. Crane GE. Persistent dyskinesia. Br J Psychiatry. 1973;122:395–405
  10. Barnes TR, Braude W. Akathisia variants and tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985;42:874–878
  11. Chouinard G, Annable L, Ross-Chouinard A, Mercier P. A 5-year prospective longitudinal study of tardive dyskinesia: Factors predicting appearance of new cases. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1988;8:21–26
  12. Burke RE, Fahn S, Jankovic J, et al. Tardive dystonia: Late-onset and persistent dystonia caused by antipsychotic drugs. Neurology. 1982;32:1335–1346
  13. Kiriakakis V, Bhatia KP, Quinn NP, Marsden CD. The natural history of tardive dystonia. A long-term follow-up study of 107 cases. Brain. 1998;121:2053–2066
  14. Klawans HL, Ilahi MM, Shenker D. Theoretical implications of the use of L -dopa in parkinsonism. Acta Neurol Scand. 1970;46:409–441
  15. Thaker GK, Tamminga CA, Alphs LD, et al. Brain gamma-aminobutyric acid abnormality in tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:522–529
  16. Andersson U, Haggstrom JE, Levin ED, et al. Reduced glutamate decarboxylase activity in the subthalamic nucleus in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Move Disord. 1989;4:37–46
  17. Thaker GK, Nguyen JA, Strauss ME, et al. Clonazepam treatment of tardive dyskinesia: A practical GABA-mimetic strategy. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:445–451
  18. Pai BN, Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Ravindranath V. Depletion of glutathione and enhanced lipid peroxidation in the CSF of acute psychotics following haloperidol administration. Biol Psychiatry. 1994;36:489–491
  19. Crossman AE. A hypothesis on the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie levodopa- or dopamine agonist-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: Implications for future strategies in treatment. Move Disord. 1990;5:100–108
  20. DeLong MR. Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. Trends Neurosci. 1990;13:281–289
  21. Egan MF, Apud J, Wyatt RJ. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Schizophr Bull. 1997;23:583–609
  22. Gardos G, Cole JO, Haskell D, et al. The natural history of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998;8:31S–37S
  23. Bergen JA, Eyland EA, Campbell JA, et al. The course of tardive dyskinesia in patients on long-term neuroleptics. Br J Psychiatry. 1989;154:523–528
  24. Gardos G, Casey DE, Cole JO, et al. Ten-year outcome of tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:836–841
  25. Smith JM, Baldessarini RJ. Changes in prevalence, severity and recovery in tardive dyskinesia with age. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980;37:1368–1373
  26. Casey DE. Tardive dyskinesia and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr Res. 1999;35:S61–S66
  27. Yassa R, Jeste DV. Gender differences in tardive dyskinesia: A critical review of the literature. Schizophr Bull. 1992;18:701–715
  28. Glazer WM, Morgenstern H, Schooler N, et al. Predictors of improvement in tardive dyskinesia following discontinuation of neuroleptic medication. Br J Psychiatry. 1990;157:585–592
  29. Glazer WM, Morgenstern H, Doucette JT. The prediction of chronic persistent versus intermittent tardive dyskinesia: A retrospective follow-up study. Br J Psychiatry. 1991;158:822–828
  30. Yassa R, Nair V, Schwartz G. Early versus late onset psychosis and tardive dyskinesia. Biol Psychiatry. 1986;21:1291–1297
  31. Saltz BL, Woerner MG, Kane JM, et al. Prospective study of tardive dyskinesia incidence in the elderly. JAMA. 1991;266:2402–2406
  32. Jeste DV, Caligiuri MP, Paulsen JS, et al. Risk of tardive dyskinesia in older patients: A prospective longitudinal study of 266 outpatients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:756–765
  33. Barnes TRE, Liddle PF. Tardive dyskinesia: Implications for schizophrenia?. In:  Schiff AA,  Roth M,  Freeman HL editor. Schizophrenia: New Pharmacological and Clinical Development. London: Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1985;p. 81–87
  34. Jeste DV, Karson CN, Iager AC, et al. Association of abnormal involuntary movements and negative symptoms. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1984;20:380–381
  35. Casey DE. Affective disorders and tardive dyskinesia. Encéphale. 1988;14:221–226
  36. Rosenbaum AH, Niven RG, Hanson NP, Swanson DW. Tardive dyskinesia: Relationship with primary affective disorder. Dis Nerv Syst. 1977;38:423–426
  37. Rush M, Diamond F, Alpert M. Depression as a risk factor in tardive dyskinesia. Biol Psychiatry. 1982;17:387–392
  38. Richardson MA, Pass R, Bregman Z, Craig TJ. Tardive dyskinesia and depressive symptoms in schizophrenics. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1985;21:130–135
  39. Wegner JT, Catalano F, Gibralter J, Kane JM. Schizophrenics with tardive dyskinesia: Neuropsychological deficit and family psychopathology. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985;42:860–865
  40. Yassa R, Nair NP, Iskander H, Schwartz G. Factors in the development of severe forms of tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:1156–1163
  41. Caligiuri MP, Lacro JP, Rockwell E, et al. Incidence and risk factors for severe tardive dyskinesia in older patients. Br J Psychiatry. 1997;171:148–153
  42. Jeste DV, Wyatt RJ. Therapeutic strategies against tardive dyskinesia: Two decades of experience. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39:803–816
  43. Richelson E. Preclinical pharmacology of neuroleptics: Focus on new generation compounds. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57(suppl):4–11
  44. Woerner MG, Kane JM, Lieberman JA, et al. The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1991;11:34–42
  45. Harris MJ, Panton D, Caligiuri MP, et al. High incidence of tardive dyskinesia in older outpatients on low doses of neuroleptics. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1992;28:87–92
  46. Byne W, White L, Parella M, et al. Tardive dyskinesia in a chronically institutionalized population of elderly schizophrenic patients: Prevalence and association with cognitive impairment. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998;13:473–479
  47. Kane JM. Prospective study of tardive dyskinesia in the elderly. In: Abstracts of The American Psychiatric Association 152nd Annual Meeting; May 15–20, 1999, Washington DC. Abstract 31C.
  48. Woerner MG, Alvir JM, Saltz BL, et al. Prospective study of tardive dyskinesia in the elderly: Rates and risk factors. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1521–1528
  49. Waddington JL. Subgroups in schizophrenia. Lancet. 1985;1:1502–1503
  50. Munetz MR, Schulz SC. Screening for tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1986;47:75–77
  51. Hyde T, Hotson JR, Kleinman JE. Differential diagnosis of choreiform tardive dyskinesia. J Neuropsychiatry. 1991;3:255–268
  52. Schooler NR, Kane JM. Research diagnoses for tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39:486–487
  53. Stimmel GL. Tardive dyskinesia with low-dose, short-term neuroleptic therapy. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1976;33:961–963
  54. Guy W. Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. In: ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, Revised. DHS Publication No. (ADM) 91–338. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health, Psychopharmacology Research Branch, 1976.
  55. Awouters F, Niemegeers CJE, Janssen PA. Tardive dyskinesia: Etiological and therapeutic aspects. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1990;23:33–37
  56. Diederich NJ, Goetz CG. Drug-induced movement disorders. Neurol Clin. 1998;16:125–139
  57. Brown K, Reid A, White T, et al. Vitamin E, lipids, and lipid peroxidation products in tardive dyskinesia. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;43:863–867
  58. Ghadirian AM, Annable L, Belanger MC, Chouinard G. A cross-sectional study of parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia in lithium-treated affective disordered patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:22–28
  59. Jeste DV, Wyatt RJ. In search of treatment for tardive dyskinesia: Review of the literature. Schizophr Bull. 1979;5:251–293
  60. Gilbert PL, Harris MJ, McAdams LA, Jeste DV. Neuroleptic withdrawal in schizophrenic patients: A review of the literature. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:173–188
  61. Gardos G, Cole JO, Rapkin RM, et al. Anticholinergic challenge and neuroleptic withdrawal: Changes in dyskinesia and symptom measures. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41:1030–1035
  62. Glazer WM, Bowers MB, Charney DS, Heninger GR. The effect of neuroleptic discontinuation on psychopathology, involuntary movements, and biochemical measures in patients with persistent tardive dyskinesia. Biol Psychiatry. 1989;26:224–233
  63. Dixon L, Thaker G, Conley R, et al. Changes in psychopathology and dyskinesia after neuroleptic withdrawal in a double-blind design. Schizophr Res. 1993;10:267–271
  64. Schooler NR, Keith SJ, Severe JB, Matthews S. Acute treatment response and short term outcome in schizophrenia: First results of the NIMH Treatment Strategies in Schizophrenia Study. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1989;25:331–335
  65. Casey DE. Neuroleptic drug-induced extrapyramidal syndromes and tardive dyskinesia. Schizophr Res. 1991;4:109–120
  66. Harris MJ, Heaton RK, Schalz A, et al. Neuroleptic dose reduction in older psychotic patients. Schizophr Res. 1997;27:241–248
  67. Jeste DV, Potkin SG, Sinha S, et al. Tardive dyskinesia: Reversible and persistent. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979;36:585–590
  68. van Harten PN, Hoek HW, Matroos GE, et al. Intermittent neuroleptic treatment and risk for tardive dyskinesia: Curacao Extrapyramidal Syndromes Study III. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:565–567
  69. Wilson JG, Pinkerton A, Miller MJ, et al. Tardive dyskinesia in elderly patients treated with haloperidol, risperidone and olanzapine. In: Abstract of The American Psychiatric Association 152nd Annual Meeting; May 15–20, 1999, Washington DC. Abstract NR690.
  70. Jeste DV, Lacro JP, Bailey A, et al. Lower incidence of tardive dyskinesia with risperidone compared with haloperidol in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47:716–719
  71. Lieberman J, Johns C, Cooper T, et al. Clozapine pharmacology and tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology. 1989;99:S54–S59
  72. Casey DE. Effects of clozapine therapy in schizophrenic individuals at risk for tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(suppl):31–37
  73. Sweet RA, Pollock BG. New atypical antipsychotics: Experience and utility in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 1998;12:115–127
  74. Chouinard G, Jones B, Remington G, et al. A Canadian multicenter placebo-controlled study of fixed doses of risperidone and haloperidol in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993;13:25–40
  75. Marder SR, Meibach RC. Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:825–835
  76. Peuskens J. Risperidone in the treatment of patients with chronic schizophrenia: A multi-national, multi-centre, double-blind, parallel-group study versus haloperidol. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;166:712–726and the Risperidone Study Group
  77. Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, et al. Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: In vitro and in vivo receptor binding. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1996;124:57–73
  78. Berman I, Merson A, Rachov-Pavlov J, et al. Risperidone in elderly schizophrenic patients: An open-label trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1996;4:173–179
  79. Goldberg RJ, Goldberg J. Risperidone for dementia-related disturbed behavior in nursing home residents: A clinical experience. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997;9:65–68
  80. Zarate CA, Baldessarini RJ, Siegel AJ, et al. Risperidone in the elderly: A pharmacoepidemiologic study. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58:311–317
  81. Madhusoodanan S, Brecher M, Brenner R, et al. Risperidone in the treatment of elderly patients with psychotic disorders. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;7:132–138
  82. Katz IR, Jeste DV, Mintzer JE, et al. Comparison of risperidone and placebo for psychosis and behavioral disturbances associated with dementia: A randomized, double-blind trial. Risperidone Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:107–115
  83. Davidson M, Harvey PD, Vervarcke J, et al. A long-term, multicenter, open-label study of risperidone in elderly patients with psychosis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15:506–514
  84. De Deyn PP, Rabheru K, Rasmussen A, et al. A randomized trial of risperidone, placebo, and haloperidol for behavioral symptoms of dementia. Neurology. 1999;53:946–955
  85. Goldberg RJ, Goldberg J. Risperidone for dementia-related disturbed behavior in nursing home residents: A clinical experience. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997;9:65–68
  86. Jeste DV, Okamoto A, Napolitano J, et al. Low incidence of persistent tardive dyskinesia in elderly patients with dementia treated with risperidone. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1150–1155
  87. Beasley CM, Tollefson G, Tran P, et al. Olanzapine versus placebo and haloperidol: Acute phase results of the North American double-blind olanzapine trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1996;14:111–123
  88. Beasley CM, Hamilton SH, Crawford AM, et al. Olanzapine versus haloperidol: acute phase results of the international double-blind olanzapine trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1997;7:125–137
  89. Tollefson GD, Beasley CM, Tran PV, et al. Olanzapine versus haloperidol in the treatment of schizoaffective and schizophreniform disorders: Results of an international collaborative trial. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:457–465
  90. Kumar V, Brecher M. Psychopharmacology of atypical antipsychotics and clinical outcomes in elderly patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(suppl):5–9
  91. Wolters EC, Jansen EN, Tuynman-Qua HG, Bergmans PL. Olanzapine in the treatment of dopaminomimetic psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1996;47:1085–1087
  92. Arvanitis AL, Miller BG. Multiple fixed doses of “Seroquel” (quetiapine) in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: A comparison with haloperidol and placebo. The Seroquel Trial 13 Study Group. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42:233–246
  93. Small JG, Hirsch SR, Arvanitis LA, et al. Quetiapine in patients with schizophrenia: A high- and low-dose double-blind comparison with placebo. Seroquel Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:549–557
  94. McManus DQ, Arvanitis AL, Kowalcyk BB. Quetiapine, a novel antipsychotic: Experience in elderly patients with psychotic disorders. Seroquel Trial 48 Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:292–298
  95. Lieberman JA, Lesser M, Johns C, et al. Pharmacological studies of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1988;8:57–63
  96. Jeste DV, Lohr JB, Clark K, Wyatt RJ. Pharmacological treatments of tardive dyskinesia in the 1980s. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1988;8:38–48
  97. Glazer WM, Hafez HM. A comparison of masking effects of haloperidol versus molindone in tardive dyskinesia. Schizophr Res. 1990;3:315–320
  98. Caine ED, Polinsky RJ, Kartzinel R, Ebert MH. The trial use of clozapine for abnormal involuntary movement disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1979;136:317–320
  99. Tamminga CA, Thaker GK, Moran M, et al. Clozapine in tardive dyskinesia: Observations from human and animal model studies. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55:102–106
  100. Kopala LC, Honer WG. Schizophrenia and severe tardive dyskinesia responsive to risperidone. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;14:430–431
  101. Chouinard G. Effects of risperidone in tardive dyskinesia: An analysis of the Canadian Multicenter Risperidone Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995;15:36–44
  102. Adler LA, Peselow E, Rotrosen J, et al. Vitamin E treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1405–1407
  103. Hollister LE, Trevino ES. Calcium channel blockers in psychiatric disorders: A review of the literature. Can J Psychiatry. 1999;44:658–664
  104. Thaker GK, Nguyen JA, Strauss ME, et al. Clonazepam treatment of tardive dyskinesia;A practical GABAmimetic strategy. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:445
  105. Jackson IV, Nuttall EA, Perez-Cruet J. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with lecithin. Am J Psychiatry. 1979;136:1458–1460
  106. Lerner V, Miodownik C, Kaptsan A, et al. Vitamin B6 in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1511–1514
  107. Shamir E, Barak Y, Shalman I, et al. Melatonin treatment for tardive dyskinesia: A double-blind placebo-controlled, crossover study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:1049–1052
  108. Angus S, Sugars J, Boltezar R, et al. A controlled trial of amantadine hydrochloride and neuroleptics in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;17:88–91
  109. Ludatscher JI. Stable remission of tardive dyskinesia by L -dopa. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1989;9:39–41
  110. Sirota P, Mosheva T, Shabtay H, et al. Use of the selective serotonin 3 receptor antagonist ondansetron in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:287–289
  111. Ondo WG, Hanna PA, Jankovic J. tetrabenzine treatment for tardive dyskinesia: Assessment by randomized videotape protocol. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1279–1281
  112. Freeman-Smith E, Steele TE. Evoking tardive dyskinesia by anticholinergic challenge. Am J Psychiatry. 1981;138:121–122

PII: S1525-8610(04)70458-2

doi: 10.1016/S1525-8610(04)70458-2

JAMDA
Volume 3, Issue 3 , Pages 152-161 , May 2002