JAMDA
Volume 8, Issue 6 , Pages 388-395 , July 2007

Psychometric Properties of the German “Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale” (PAINAD-G) in Nursing Home Residents

  • Matthias Siegfried Schuler, MD

      Affiliations

    • Diakonie Hospital Mannheim, Germany
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Dr. Matthias Schuler, Diakonie-Krankenhaus, Feldbergstr. 68-70, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.
    • ,
  • Stefanie Becker, MD

      Affiliations

    • Institute for Gerontology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
    • ,
  • Roman Kaspar

      Affiliations

    • Institute for Gerontology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
    • ,
  • Thorsten Nikolaus, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Bethesda Geriatric Clinic, University of Ulm, Germany
    • ,
  • Andreas Kruse, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Institute for Gerontology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
    • ,
  • Heinz Dieter Basler, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Institute for Medical Psychology, University of Marburg, Germany.

References 

  1. Ferrell B, Ferrell B, Osterweil D. Pain in the nursing home. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38:409–414
  2. Ferrell B. Pain management in elderly people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39:64–73
  3. McClean W, Higginbotham N. Prevalence of pain among nursing home residents in rural New South Wales. Med J Austr. 2002;177:17–20
  4. Senkstaken E, King S. The problems of pain and its detection among geriatric home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41:541–544
  5. Teno J, Kabumoto G, Wetle T, et al. Daily pain that was excruciating at some time in the previous week: Prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes in nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:762–767
  6. Proctor W, Hirdes J. Pain and cognitive status among nursing home residents in Canada. Pain Res Manage. 2001;6:119–125
  7. Closs S, Barr B, Briggs M. Cognitive status and analgesic provision in nursing home residents. Br J Gen Pract. 2004;54:919–921
  8. Won A, Lapane K, Vallow S, et al. Persistent nonmalignant pain and analgesic prescribing patterns in elderly nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:867–874
  9. Cook A, Niven C, Downs M. Assessing the pain of people with cognitive impairment. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;14:421–425
  10. Scherder E. Low use of analgesics in Alzheimer’s disease: Possible mechanisms. Psychiatry. 2000;63:1–12
  11. Ferrell B, Ferrell B, Rivera L. Pain in cognitively impaired nursing home patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1995;10:591–598
  12. Brochet B, Michel P, Barberger-Guteau P, et al. Population-based study of pain in elderly people: A descriptive survey. Age Ageing. 1998;27:279–284
  13. Parmelee P, Smith B, Katz I. Pain complaints and cognitive status among elderly institution residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41:517–522
  14. Stolee P, Hillier L, Esbaugh J, et al. Instruments for the assessment of pain in older persons with cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:319–326
  15. Scherder E, Oosterman J, Swaab D, et al. Recent developments in pain in dementia. BMJ. 2005;330:461–464
  16. Fries B, Simon S, Morris J, et al. Pain in U.S. nursing homes: Validating a pain scale for the minimum data set. Gerontologist. 2001;41:173–179
  17. Kovach C, Noonan P, Griffie J, et al. Use of assessment of discomfort in dementia protocol. Appl Nurs Res. 2001;14:193–200
  18. Lane P, Kuntups M, MacDonald S, et al. A pain assessment tool for people with advanced Alzheimer’s and other progressive dementias. Home Healthcare Nurs. 2003;21:32–37
  19. Hurley A, Volicer B, Hanrahan P, et al. Assessment of discomfort in advanced Alzheimer patients. Res Nurs Health. 1992;15:369–377
  20. Radbruch L, Sabatowski R, Loick G, et al. Cognitive impairment and its influence on pain and symptom assessment in a palliative care unit: Development of a Minimal Documentation System. Palliat Med. 2000;14:266–276
  21. Villaneuva M, Smith T, Erickson J, et al. Pain Assessment for the Dementing Elderly (PADE): Reliability and validity of a new measure. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003;4:1–8
  22. Warden V, Hurley A, Volicer L. Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) Scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003;4:9–15
  23. Hadjistavropoulos T. Assessing pain in older persons with severe limitations in ability to communicate. In:  Gibson SJ,  Weiner DK editor. Pain in Older Persons. Seattle (WA): IASP Press; 2005;p. 135–151
  24. Herr K, Bjoro K, Decker S. Tools for assessment of pain in nonverbal older adults with dementia: A state-of-the-science review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2006;31:170–192
  25. Zwakhalen SM, Hamers JP, Abu-Saad HH, et al. Pain in elderly people with severe dementia: A systematic review of behavioural pain assessment tools. BMC-Geriatr. 2006;6:3;Available at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2318/6/3. Accessed June 10, 2006.
  26. Snow AL, O’Malley KJ, Cody M, et al. A conceptual model of pain assessment for noncommunicative persons with dementia. Gerontologist. 2004;44:807–817
  27. Hadjistavropoulos T, Craig K, Martin N, et al. Toward a research outcome measure of pain in frail elderly patients in chronic care. Pain Clin. 1997;10:71–79
  28. Porter F, Malhotra K, Wolf C, et al. Dementia and response to pain in the elderly. Pain. 1996;68:413–421
  29. Becker S, Kruse A, Schröder J, et al. The Heidelberg Instrument for the assessment of quality of life in people suffering from dementia (H.I.L.D.E.)—dimensions of quality of life and methods of operation. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2005;38:108–121
  30. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: Report of the NINCDSADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurol. 1984;34:939–944
  31. Folstein M, Folstein S, McHugh P. “Mini-Mental State”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatric Res. 1975;12:189–198
  32. Reisberg B, Ferris S, de Leon M, et al. The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139(9):1136–1139
  33. Basler HD, Bloem R, Casser H, et al. A structured pain interview for geriatric patients. Schmerz. 2001;15:164–171
  34. Schuler M, Njoo N, Hestermann M, et al. Acute and chronic pain in geriatrics: Clinical characteristics of pain and the influence of cognition. Pain Med. 2004;5:252–261
  35. Cummings JL. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory assessing psychopathology in dementia patients. Neurology. 1997;48:S10–S16
  36. Marin R, Biedrzycki R, Firinciogullari S. Reliability and validity of the Apathy Evaluation Scale. Psychiatry Res. 1991;38(2):143–162
  37. Basler HD, Hüger D, Kunz R, et al. Assessment of pain in advanced dementia (Construct validity of the German PAINAD). Schmerz. 2006;20:519–526

 This study was supported by a grant provided by Mundipharma, Limburg, Germany. The sponsor did not play a role for all authors in the design, methods, subject recruitment, data collection or analysis, or interpretation of the paper.

PII: S1525-8610(07)00201-0

doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2007.03.002

JAMDA
Volume 8, Issue 6 , Pages 388-395 , July 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution