JAMDA
Volume 10, Issue 7 , Pages 505-510 , September 2009

Pain Assessment in Nursing Home Residents With Dementia: Psychometric Properties and Clinical Utility of the CNA Pain Assessment Tool (CPAT)

  • Frank A. Cervo, MD, CMD

      Affiliations

    • Long Island State Veterans Home, Stony Brook, NY
    • Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Frank A. Cervo, MD, Long Island State Veterans Home, 100 Patriots Road, Stony Brook, NY 11790.
    • ,
  • Patricia Bruckenthal, PhD, RN, NP-C

      Affiliations

    • Stony Brook University School of Nursing, Stony Brook, NY
    • ,
  • John J. Chen, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY
    • ,
  • Lory E. Bright-Long, MD, CMD

      Affiliations

    • Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY
    • Maria Regina Residence, Brentwood, NY
    • ,
  • Suzanne Fields, MD, FACP

      Affiliations

    • Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY
    • Gurwin Jewish Geriatric Nursing and Rehabilitation Center, Commack, NY
    • ,
  • Guangxiang Zhang, MS

      Affiliations

    • Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY
    • ,
  • Ian Strongwater

      Affiliations

    • Long Island State Veterans Home, Stony Brook, NY

References 

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  2. Cramer GW, Galer BS, Mendelson MA, et al. A drug use evaluation of selected opioid and nonopioid analgesics in the nursing facility setting. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48:398–404
  3. Murdoch J, Larson D. Assessing pain in cognitively impaired older adults. Nurs Stand. 2003;18:33–39
  4. Williams C, Zimmerman S, Sloane P, Reed P. Characteristics associated with pain in long-term care residents with dementia. Gerontologist. 2000;45:68–73
  5. Farrell MJ, Katz B, Helme RD. The impact of dementia on the pain experience. Pain. 1996;67:7–15
  6. Weissman D, Matson S. Pain assessment and management in the long term care setting. Theor Med. 1999;20:31–43
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  8. Herr K, Bjoro K, Decker S. Tools for assessment of pain in nonverbal older adults with dementia: A-state-of-the-science-review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2006;31:170–192
  9. Smith M. Pain assessment in nonverbal older adults with advanced dementia. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2005;41:99–113
  10. Cervo FA, Raggi RP, Bright-Long LE, et al. Use of the certified nursing assistant pain assessment tool (CPAT) in nursing home residents with dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2007;22:112–119
  11. Hurley AC, Volicer BJ, Hanrahan PA, et al. Assessment of discomfort in advanced Alzheimer's patients. Res Nurs Health. 1992;15:369–377
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  13. Mak HK, Yau KK, Chan BP. Prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted values as additional indicators to measure observer agreement. Radiology. 2004;232:302–303
  14. Byrt T, Bishop J, Carlin JB. Bias, prevalence and kappa. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46:423–429
  15. Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33:159–174
  16. Nunnally JC, Berstein IH. Psychometric Theory. 3rd ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1994;
  17. The R Project for Statistical Computing. Available at: http://www.R-project.org. Accessed March 3, 2009.
  18. AGS Panel on Persistent Pain in Older Persons . The management of persistent pain in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:S205–S224
  19. Abbey J, Piller N, Debellis A, et al. The Abbey pain scale: A 1-minute numerical indicator for people with end-stage dementia. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2004;10:6–13
  20. Villaneuva MR, Smith TL, Euchson JS, et al. Pain assessment for the demented elderly (PADE): Reliability and validity of a new measure. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003;4:1–8
  21. Kovach CR, Weissman DE, Griffie J, et al. Assessment and treatment of discomfort for people with late-stage dementia. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1999;18:412–419
  22. Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the pain assessment in advanced dementia (PAINAD) scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003;4:9–15

 This study was funded by the New York State Department of Health Dementia Grants Program (contract #C-022663). The sponsor had no role in design, methods, subject recruitment, data collection, analysis, or preparation of the manuscript. The General Clinical Research Center staff of Stony Brook University Medical Center (grant #M01RR10710) provided data management support for the study.

PII: S1525-8610(09)00201-1

doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2009.05.011

JAMDA
Volume 10, Issue 7 , Pages 505-510 , September 2009

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