Peripheral arterial disease is a common and often overlooked entity responsible for
considerable morbidity and mortality. Recent evidence suggests that nontraditional
risk factors such as vitamin D deficiency may contribute to atherosclerosis and increased
cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, hence monitoring of vitamin D status is essential.
This review tries to examine this entity.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Journal of the American Medical Directors AssociationAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Prevalence of and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in the United States: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2000.Circulation. 2004; 110: 738-743
- Peripheral arterial disease: A growing problem for the internist.Eur J Intern Med. 2009; 20: 132-138
- Peripheral arterial disease: Diagnosis and management.Mayo Clin Proc. 2008; 83 (quiz 949–950): 944-949
- Treatment for peripheral arterial obstructive disease: An appraisal of the economic outcome of complications.J Vasc Surg. 2008; 48: 368-376
- Peripheral arterial disease: Morbidity and mortality implications.Circulation. 2006; 114: 688-699
- Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease and claudication.N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1608-1621
- Long-term survival in patients with coronary artery disease: Importance of peripheral vascular disease. The Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) Investigators.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 23: 1091-1095
- An integrative review of interventions to reduce peripheral arterial disease risk factors in African Americans.J Vasc Nurs. 2009; 27: 31-45
- Peripheral arterial disease in a multiethnic national sample: The role of conventional risk factors and allostatic load.Ethn Dis. 2007; 17: 669-675
- Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in an elderly rural population of southern Italy.Gerontology. 1997; 43: 289-295
- Effect of diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study.Circulation. 1995; 91: 1472-1479
- Prevalence and clinical correlates of peripheral arterial disease in the Framingham Offspring Study.Am Heart J. 2002; 143: 961-965
- Association between plasma homocysteine and peripheral arterial disease in older persons.Coron Artery Dis. 1998; 9: 49-50
- Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of developing peripheral vascular disease.Circulation. 1998; 97: 425-428
- Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: Prospective analysis from the Women's Health Initiative observational study.JAMA. 2002; 288: 980-987
- Fibrinogen and peripheral arterial disease.Eur Heart J. 1995; 16 (discussion 40–41): 36-40
- Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism are common complications in patients with peripheral arterial disease.J Gen Intern Med. 2002; 17: 663-669
- Redefining vitamin D insufficiency.Lancet. 1998; 351: 805-806
- Muscular weakness in osteomalacia and hyperparathyroidism.J Neurol Sci. 1969; 8: 511-520
- Vitamin D deficiency: A worldwide problem with health consequences.Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 87: 1080S-1086S
- High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health.Mayo Clin Proc. 2006; 81: 353-373
- Sunlight, UV-radiation, vitamin D and skin cancer: How much sunlight do we need?.Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008; 624: 1-15
- Vitamin D deficiency.N Engl J Med. 2007; 357: 266-281
- 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system.J Clin Invest. 2002; 110: 229-238
- 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulation of cardiac myocyte proliferation and hypertrophy.Am J Physiol. 1997; 272: H1751-H1758
- 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates growth of vascular smooth muscle cells.J Clin Invest. 1991; 87: 1889-1895
- Active serum vitamin D levels are inversely correlated with coronary calcification.Circulation. 1997; 96: 1755-1760
- Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and carotid artery intima-media thickness among type 2 diabetic patients.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006; 65: 593-597
- Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in cardiovascular diseases (from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 to 2004).Am J Cardiol. 2008; 102: 1540-1544
- Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels are elevated in South Indian patients with ischemic heart disease.Eur J Epidemiol. 2001; 17: 567-571
- Coronary arterial lesions in piglets from sows fed moderate excesses of vitamin D.Tohoku J Exp Med. 1985; 145: 303-310
- Protective and toxic effects of vitamin D on vascular calcification: Clinical implications.Mol Aspects Med. 2008; 29: 423-432
- A bimodal association of vitamin D levels and vascular disease in children on dialysis.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008; 19: 1239-1246
- Anti-inflammatory effect of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in human coronary arterial endothelial cells: Implication for the treatment of Kawasaki disease.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2009; 113: 134-138
- Mineral metabolism and arterial functions in end-stage renal disease: Potential role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007; 18: 613-620
- Serum vitamin D, parathyroid hormone levels, and carotid atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis. 2009; 207: 585-590
- Vitamin D affects survival independently of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009; 4: 1128-1135
- Baseline serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D is predictive of future glycemic status and insulin resistance: The Medical Research Council Ely Prospective Study 1990–2000.Diabetes. 2008; 57: 2619-2625
- Supplementation with calcium + vitamin D enhances the beneficial effect of weight loss on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations.Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85: 54-59
- Regulation of lymphokine production and human T lymphocyte activation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Specific inhibition at the level of messenger RNA.J Clin Invest. 1987; 79: 1659-1664
- Secondary hyperparathyroidism promotes the acute phase response—a rationale for supplemental vitamin D in prevention of vascular events in the elderly.Med Hypotheses. 2005; 64: 1022-1026
- Differences in vitamin D status as a possible contributor to the racial disparity in peripheral arterial disease.Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 88: 1469-1477
- Arterial and cardiac disease in young adults with childhood-onset end-stage renal disease—Impact of calcium and vitamin D therapy.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006; 21: 1906-1914
- Effect of a combined therapeutic approach of intensive lipid management, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, and increased serum 25 (OH) vitamin D on coronary calcium scores in asymptomatic adults.Am J Ther. 2009; 16: 326-332
- Low vitamin D levels predict stroke in patients referred to coronary angiography.Stroke. 2008; 39: 2611-2613
- Myocardial infarction is inversely associated with plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels: A community-based study.Int J Epidemiol. 1990; 19: 559-563
- Reduced vitamin D in acute stroke.Stroke. 2006; 37: 243-245
- The vitamin D epidemic and its health consequences.J Nutr. 2005; 135: 2739S-2748S
- Vitamin D and prostate cancer.Endocrinology. 2000; 141: 5-9
- Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis.Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1997; 216: 21-27
- 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol inhibits the progression of arthritis in murine models of human arthritis.J Nutr. 1998; 128: 68-72
- Prevention of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3.Diabetologia. 1994; 37: 552-558
- M. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: A birth-cohort study.Lancet. 2001; 358: 1500-1503
- An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the US due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation.Cancer. 2002; 94: 1867-1875
- Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: A randomized controlled trial.J Bone Miner Res. 2003; 18: 343-351
- The relationship of vitamin D deficiency to health care costs in veterans.Mil Med. 2008; 173: 1214-1218
- The “sunshine deficit” and cardiovascular disease.Circulation. 2008; 118: 1476-1485
Article info
Footnotes
Vamsi Gaddipati was an American Heart Association Health science fellow. This work was supported with resources and the use of facilities at the Mountain Home VAMC. The contents of this paper does not represent the views of the department of Veteran Affairs or the United States Government.
Identification
Copyright
Published by Elsevier Inc.
