The article, “Early Detection of Cognitive Impairment: Do Screening Tests Help?” by Cruz-Oliver and Morley that appeared in the January 2010 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1–6), was published with errors to Figure 1 and Table 2. The corrected version of each is shown below.
Fig. 1Algorithm for diagnosis of dementia.3
Table 2Ability of Cognitive Impairment Screening Instruments in Detecting Dementia
| Authors | Instrument | Sensitivity, % | Specificity, % | Comparison with MMSE | Class of Evidence † Classification of evidence, I = evidence provided by one or more well-designed randomized controlled clinical trials including overviews (meta-analyses) of such trials or well-designed prospective study in a broad spectrum of persons using the “gold standard” for case definition, in which test is applied in a blinded evaluation; II = evidence is provided by well-designed observational studies with concurrent controls; III = evidence provided by expert opinion, case reports, and studies with historical control. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tangalos et al18 | MMSE | 82 | 99 | — | II |
| Kokmen et al23 | STMS | 86 | 88 | Y | III |
| Solomon et al24 | 7-Minute Screen | 92 | 96 | Y | III |
| Buschke et al25 | MIS | 87 | 96 | Y | I |
| Borson et al26 | Mini-Cog | 76 | 89 | Y | III |
| Cahn et al27 | CDT | 83 | 72 | — | I |
| Nasreddine et al28 | MoCA | 100 | 87 | Y | I |
| Tariq et al29 | SLUMS | 100/98 | 98/100 | Y | II |
MMSE, Mini-Mental Status Examination; STMS, Short Test Mental Status; MIS, Memory Impairment Screen; CDT, clock-drawing test; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; SLUMS, Saint Louis University Mental Status.
∗ This table was adapted from the American Academy of Neurology.
† Classification of evidence, I = evidence provided by one or more well-designed randomized controlled clinical trials including overviews (meta-analyses) of such trials or well-designed prospective study in a broad spectrum of persons using the “gold standard” for case definition, in which test is applied in a blinded evaluation; II = evidence is provided by well-designed observational studies with concurrent controls; III = evidence provided by expert opinion, case reports, and studies with historical control.
‡ This study has different values according to education: the first set of numbers represents the sensitivity and specificity for less than high school and the second set represents high school or higher education.
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- Early Detection of Cognitive Impairment: Do Screening Tests Help?Journal of the American Medical Directors AssociationVol. 11Issue 1
- PreviewDementia is defined as an acquired loss of memory that is substantial enough to interfere with everyday functioning. Although many types of dementia exist, most patients with dementia have Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia, or Lewy body dementia. Age is the greatest risk factor for developing dementia; its incidence and prevalence increase dramatically in persons older than 65 years. Specifically, AD affects approximately 25% to 30% of individuals older than 65 years and doubles in incidence for every 5 years thereafter.
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