Advertisement
Editorial| Volume 22, ISSUE 1, P1-5, January 2021

Medications in Post-Acute and Long-Term Care: Challenges and Controversies

Published:November 27, 2020DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.11.027
      Pharmaceutical agents are a valuable resource to assist in the care of older persons. Their use in post-acute and long-term care settings is particularly notable—for example, the proportion of nursing home residents taking 9 or more medications increased from 18% in the mid-1990s to 40% less than 15 years later.
      • Tobias D.E.
      • Pulliam C.C.
      General and psychotherapeutic medication use in 878 nursing facilities: A 1997 national survey.
      ,
      • Dwyer L.L.
      • Han B.
      • Woodwell D.A.
      • Rechtsteiner E.A.
      Polypharmacy in nursing home residents in the United States: Results of the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey.
      Average drug counts are similarly high around the world, although there is considerable variation in use between settings and countries.
      • Jokanovic N.
      • Tan E.C.
      • Dooley M.J.
      • et al.
      Prevalence and factors associated with polypharmacy in long-term care facilities: A systematic review.
      ,
      • Onder G.
      • Vetrano D.L.
      • Cherubini A.
      • et al.
      Prescription drug use among older adults in Italy: A country-wide perspective.
      High medication use occurs despite the fact that persons with advanced age and multimorbidity are particularly susceptible to drug adverse effects due to physiological changes such as declines in hepatic and renal clearance. Further, the probability of deleterious drug interactions rises exponentially as the number of medications increases.
      • Rodrigues M.C.
      • Oliveira C.D.
      Drug-drug interactions and adverse drug reactions in polypharmacy among older adults: An integrative review.

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Journal of the American Medical Directors Association
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Tobias D.E.
        • Pulliam C.C.
        General and psychotherapeutic medication use in 878 nursing facilities: A 1997 national survey.
        Consult Pharm. 1997; 12: 1401-1408
        • Dwyer L.L.
        • Han B.
        • Woodwell D.A.
        • Rechtsteiner E.A.
        Polypharmacy in nursing home residents in the United States: Results of the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey.
        Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010; 8: 63-67
        • Jokanovic N.
        • Tan E.C.
        • Dooley M.J.
        • et al.
        Prevalence and factors associated with polypharmacy in long-term care facilities: A systematic review.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015; 16: 535.e1-535.e12
        • Onder G.
        • Vetrano D.L.
        • Cherubini A.
        • et al.
        Prescription drug use among older adults in Italy: A country-wide perspective.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014; 15: 531.e11-531.e15
        • Rodrigues M.C.
        • Oliveira C.D.
        Drug-drug interactions and adverse drug reactions in polypharmacy among older adults: An integrative review.
        Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2016; 24: e2800
        • Rochon P.A.
        • Gurwitz J.H.
        The prescribing cascade revisited.
        Lancet. 2017; 389: 1778-1780
        • Crome P.
        • Cherubini A.
        • Oristrell J.
        The PREDICT (increasing the participation of the elderly in clinical trials) study: The charter and beyond.
        Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2014; 7: 457-468
        • Beers M.H.
        • Ouslander J.G.
        • Rollingher I.
        • et al.
        Explicit criteria for determining inappropriate medication use in nursing home residents. UCLA Division of Geriatric Medicine.
        Arch Intern Med. 1991; 151: 1825-1832
        • Stewart C.S.
        • Yrjana K.
        • Kishor M.
        • et al.
        Anticholinergic burden measures predict older people's physical function and quality of life: A systematic review.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 56-59
        • Egberts A.
        • Moreno-Gonzalez R.
        • Alan H.
        Anticholinergic drug burden and delirium: A systematic review.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 65-73
        • Maust D.T.
        • Kim H.M.
        • Chiang C.
        • Kales H.C.
        Association of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' National Partnership to Improve Dementia Care with the use of antipsychotics and other psychotropics in long-term care in the United States from 2009 to 2014.
        JAMA Intern Med. 2018; 178: 640-647
        • Janus S.I.
        • van Manen J.G.
        • IJzerman M.J.
        • Zuidema S.U.
        Psychotropic drug prescriptions in Western European nursing homes.
        Int Psychogeriatr. 2016; 28: 1775-1790
        • Lucas J.A.
        • Bowblis J.R.
        CMS strategies to reduce antipsychotic drug use in nursing home patients with dementia show some progress.
        Health Aff. 2017; 36: 1299-1308
        • van der Spek K.
        • Koopmans R.T.C.M.
        • Smalbrugge M.
        • et al.
        The effect of biannual medication reviews on the appropriateness of psychotropic drug use for neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia: A randomised controlled trial.
        Age Ageing. 2018; 47: 430-437
        • Bravo-José P.
        • Sáez-Lleó C.I.
        • Peris-Martí J.F.
        Deprescribing antipsychotics in long term care patients with dementia.
        Farm Hosp. 2019; 43: 140-145
        • Conti F.
        • Consonni D.
        • Damanti S.
        • et al.
        Initiation of psycholeptic medication during hospitalization with recommendation for discontinuation after discharge.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 96-100
        • Callegari E.
        • Šaltytė Benth J.
        • Selbaek G.
        • et al.
        Does psychotropic drug prescription change in nursing home patients the first six months after admission?.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 101-108
        • Mooza J.
        • Retalic T.
        • McDougall M.
        • et al.
        A sustainable interdisciplinary approach to the appropriate use of antipsychotic medications in long term care.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 182-184
        • McKinnell J.A.
        • Singh R.D.
        • Miller L.G.
        • et al.
        The SHIELD Orange County Project: Multidrug-resistant organism prevalence in 21 nursing homes and long-term acute care facilities in Southern California.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2019; 69: 1566-1573
        • Mody L.
        • Crnich C.
        Effects of excessive antibiotic use in nursing homes.
        JAMA Intern Med. 2015; 175: 1339-1341
        • Van Buul L.W.
        • Monnier A.A.
        • Sundvall P.D.
        • et al.
        Antibiotic stewardship in European nursing homes: Experiences from the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Sweden.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020; 21: 34-40.e1
        • Appaneal H.J.
        • Caffrey A.R.
        • Lopes V.V.
        • et al.
        National trends in the treatment of urinary tract infections among Veterans' Affairs Community Living Center residents.
        Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2019; 40: 1087-1093
        • Beeber A.S.
        • Kistler C.
        • Zimmerman S.
        • et al.
        Nurse decision-making for suspected urinary tract infections in nursing homes: Potential targets to reduce antibiotic overuse.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 156-163
        • Hendricksen M.
        • Habtemariam D.
        • D'Agata E.
        • Mitchell S.
        Factors associated with antimicrobial use in nursing home residents with advanced dementia.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 178-181
        • Hanlon J.T.
        • Perera S.
        • Schweon S.
        • et al.
        Improvements in antibiotic appropriateness for cystitis in older nursing home residents: A quality improvement study with randomized assignment.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 173-177
        • Ashraf M.S.
        • Bergman S.
        The case for consultant pharmacists as key players in nursing home antibiotic stewardship programs.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 6-8
        • Dharmarajan T.S.
        The use and misuse of proton pump inhibitors: An opportunity for deprescribing.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 15-22
        • Alcusky M.
        • Baek J.
        • Tija J.
        • et al.
        Geographic variation in anticoagulant use and resident, nursing home, and county characteristics associated with treatment among US nursing home residents.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 164-172
        • Vu M.
        • Sileanu F.E.
        • Aspinall S.L.
        • et al.
        Antihypertensive deprescribing in older adult veterans at end-of-life admitted to Veteran Affairs nursing homes.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 132-140
        • Niznik J.D.
        • Li X.
        • Gilliam M.A.
        • et al.
        Are nursing home residents with dementia appropriately treated for fracture prevention?.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 28-35
        • Papaioannou A.
        • Ioannidis G.
        • McArthur C.
        • et al.
        Preventing fractures in long-term care: Translating recommendations to clinical practice.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 36-42
        • van Nordennen R.T.
        • Lavrijsen J.C.
        • Vissers K.C.
        • Koopmans R.T.
        Decision making about change of medication for comorbid disease at the end of life: An integrative review.
        Drugs Aging. 2014; 31: 501-512
        • Schildmann E.
        • Meesters S.
        • Grüne B.
        Sedatives and sedation at the end of life in nursing homes: A retrospective multi-center cohort study.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 109-116
        • Grossi A.C.
        • Holmes A.L.
        • Ibrahim J.E.
        Determinant for the use of alcohol in long term care settings: A comparative analysis of personal choice, public health advice and the law.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 9-14
        • Palace Z.J.
        • Reingold D.A.
        Medical cannabis in the skilled nursing facility: A novel approach to improving symptom management and quality of life.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019; 20: 94-98
        • Pruskowski J.
        • Hanlon J.T.
        Is there an opioid crisis in nursing homes?.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019; 20: 273-274
        • Mehta H.B.
        • Kuo Y.F.
        • Raji M.
        • et al.
        Time trends in opioid use by dementia severity in long-term care nursing home residents.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 124-131
        • Auvinen K.J.
        • Räisänen J.
        • Voutilainen A.
        • et al.
        Interprofessional medication assessment has effects on the quality of medication among home care patients: Randomized controlled intervention study.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 74-81
        • Tisnado Garland C.
        • Guénette L.
        • Carmichael P.H.
        • et al.
        A new care model reduces polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications in long-term care.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 141-147
        • American Diabetes Association
        12. Older adults: Standards of medical care in diabetes—2019.
        Diabetes Care. 2019; 42: S139-S147
        • Dharmarajan T.S.
        • Yoo J.
        Estimated glomerular filtration rate and muscle mass in older patients: Diagnostic accuracy of creatinine-based equations and implications in practice.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020; 21: 566-567
        • Iversen E.
        • Bodilsen A.C.
        • Klausen H.H.
        • et al.
        Kidney function estimates using cystatin C versus creatinine: Impact on medication prescribing in acutely hospitalized elderly patients.
        Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019; 124: 466-478
        • Elwyn G.
        • Durand A.M.
        • Song J.
        • et al.
        A three-talk model for shared decision making: Multistage consultation process.
        BMJ. 2017; 359: j4891
        • Hargraves I.G.
        • Montori V.M.
        • Brito J.P.
        • et al.
        Purposeful SDM: A problem-based approach to caring for patients with shared decision making.
        Patient Educ Couns. 2019; 102: 1786-1792
        • Hughes C.M.
        • Goldie R.
        “I just take what I am given”: Adherence and resident involvement in decision making on medicines in nursing homes for older people: A qualitative survey.
        Drugs Aging. 2009; 26: 505-517
        • Manias E.
        • Bucknall T.
        • Hughes C.
        • et al.
        Family involvement in managing medications of older patients across transitions of care: A systematic review.
        BMC Geriatr. 2019; 19: 95
        • Tjia J.
        • Lemay C.A.
        • Bonner A.
        • et al.
        Informed family member involvement to improve the quality of dementia care in nursing homes.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017; 65: 59-65
        • Desai R.
        • Williams C.E.
        • Greene S.B.
        • et al.
        Medication errors during patient transitions into nursing homes: Characteristics and association with patient harm.
        Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2011; 9: 413-422
        • Sluggett J.K.
        • Bell J.S.
        • Lang C.
        • et al.
        Variation in provision of collaborative medication reviews on entry to long-term care facilities.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 148-155
        • Hernández-Ruiz V.
        • Forestier E.
        • Gavazzi G.
        • et al.
        Subcutaneous antibiotic therapy: The why, how, which drugs and when.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 50-55
        • Theunissen M.
        • Rideaux-Seferina S.
        • Magdelijns F.J.
        Local oral pilocarpine drops for relieving xerostomia (dry mouth) in the elderly: A pilot study.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 185-186
        • Blaszczyk A.T.
        • Bailey T.
        • Tapia S.
        ABH gel: Comforting cure or pricey placebo.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 23-27
        • Picton L.
        • Ilomaki J.
        • Keen C.
        Rates of PRN medication administration in Australian residential aged care.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 117-123
        • Kim P.S.
        • Read S.W.
        • Fauci A.S.
        Therapy for early COVID-19: A critical need.
        JAMA. 2020; 324: 2149-2150
        • Lally M.
        • Tsoukas P.
        • Halladay C.
        • et al.
        Metformin is associated with decreased 30-day mortality among nursing home residents infected with SARS-CoV2.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 193-198
        • Sloane P.
        • Lekan-Rutledge D.
        Drug prescribing by telephone: A potential cause of polypharmacy in nursing homes.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 1988; 36: 574-575
        • American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria 2019 Update Expert Panel
        American Geriatrics Society 2019 updated AGS Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019; 67: 674-694
        • O'Mahony D.
        • O'Sullivan D.
        • Byrne S.
        • et al.
        STOPP/START criteria for potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people: version 2.
        Age Ageing. 2015; 44: 213-218
        • O'Mahony D.
        STOPP/START criteria for potentially inappropriate medications/potential prescribing omissions in older people: Origin and progress.
        Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2020; 13: 15-22
        • Kua C.H.
        • Yeo C.Y.Y.
        • Tan P.C.
        • et al.
        Association of deprescribing with reduction in mortality and hospitalization: A pragmatic stepped-wedge cluster-randomized controlled trial.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 82-89
        • Winata S.
        • Liacos M.
        • Crabtree A.
        • et al.
        Electronic medication management system introduction and deprescribing practice in post-acute care.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 90-95
        • Liau S.J.
        • Lalic S.
        • Sluggett J.K.
        • et al.
        Medication management in frail older people: Consensus principles for clinical practice, research and education.
        J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22: 43-49